Ukubonakaliswa okuqhelekileyo komatshini we-CNC, amaxesha amaninzi, kubandakanya ukusebenza nge-metrieccece. Nangona kunjalo, ayisiyiyo kuphela i-CNC yomatshini osebenzayo kakhulu kwiplastiki, kodwa ukubakho kweplastiki ye-CNS yenye yeenkqubo ze-wipt eziqhelekileyo kumashishini aliqela.
Ukwamkelwa komatshini weplastiki njengenkqubo yokwenziwa kwenkqubo yemveliso kungenxa yoluhlu olubanzi lwee-ccy zeplastiki ezikhoyo. Ngapha koko, ngokwazisa kwamanani ekhompyuter, inkqubo ibachanile ngakumbi, ikhawuleze, kwaye ilungele ukwenza iinxalenye zonyamezelo. Ungakanani na owaziyo malunga nokuqhekeka kweplastiki? Eli nqaku lixoxa ngezinto ezihambelana nenkqubo, iindlela zobuchule ezikhoyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokukunceda iprojekthi yakho.
Iiplasitiki zoomatshini be-CNC
IPlastica ekhethekileyo ebonakalayo ilungele iinxalenye zemveliso kunye neemveliso ezenziwe ngamashishini amaqela. Ukusetyenziswa kwabo kuxhomekeke kubume babo, kunye nePlastiki eMachine, njenge NYLOLO, ukuba neepropathi ezigqwesileyo ezibavumela ukuba bathathe indawo yentsimbi. Apha ngezantsi kweyona plastics ixhaphakileyo yeplastiki yeplastiki yeplastiki:
I-ABS:
I-Acrylonitrile i-Byrenene syrene, okanye i-ABS, yinto elula ye-CNC eyaziwa ngokuba yimali yokuthintela impembelelo, amandla, kunye noomancina ophezulu. Nangona iqhayisa ngeepropathi ezilungileyo zonxibelelwano, uzinzo lwayo oluphantsi kwamachiza lubonakala lusinga lusiziso kwiitopi, iilokishi, kunye nezinye izifo zeekhemikhali. Kwakhona, ukuzinza kwe-shirm abs (okt, i-ABS ngaphandle kongeziweyo) iphantsi, njengoko i-polymer yeplastiki izakutshisa kwanasemva kwelangatye.
Iimpembelelo
Ilula ngaphandle kokuphulukana namandla awo omatshini.
I-polymer yeplastiki inamandla amakhulu, iyenza ibe yinto edumileyo yokuqhubela phambili.
I-ABS inendawo ephantsi enyibilikayo ifanelekile (oku kubalulekile kwezinye iinkqubo zokuqhubela phambili ezifana nokuprintwa kwe-3D kunye nenaliti.
Inamadoda aphezulu encamile.
I-ABS inomoya ophezulu, okuthetha ukuba libe lithuba elide.
Iyafikeleleka.
Phawula
Ikhupha i-implate yeplastiki eshushu xa iphantsi kobushushu.
Udinga umoya ofanelekileyo wokuthintela ukwakha kweegesi.
Inendawo ephantsi enyibilikayo enokubangela ukungcungcuthekiswa kubushushu obuveliswe ngumatshini we-CNC.
Izicelo
I-ABS yi-optilic edumileyo ye-thermoplastics esetyenziswa ziinkonzo ezininzi zokwenza ngokukhawuleza ekwenzeni iimveliso ngenxa yepropathi yakhe ebalaseleyo kunye nokufikeleleka. Isebenza kumashishini ombane kunye nemoto ekwenzeni iinxalenye ezinjengee-iCPS, ezivalelweyo zekhompyuter, kunye nezakhiwo zedlelo lemoto.
Nylon
I-NYLOL okanye i-Pollimide yi-polymer yeplastiki ephantsi enefuthe eliphezulu, imichiza, kunye nokunganyangeki kwe-abrasion. Amacandelo ayo ahle kakhulu, anjengamandla (i-76MPA), ukuqina, kunye nobunzima (116r), kuyenza ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwe-CNC kunye nezommiselo wonyango.
Iimpembelelo
Iipropathi ezigqwesileyo.
Inamadoda aphezulu encamile.
Isebenza kakuhle emalini.
I-polymer elula.
Bushushu kunye nokuxhathisa imichiza.
Phawula
Inozinzo olusezantsi.
I-NYLOLO inokuthatha lula ukufuma.
Ichaphazeleka kwii-Asidi zeZimbiwa eziqinileyo.
Izicelo
I-NYLOL yi-UNITGED eyenza i-UNITMPIT ye-thermoplastic esetyenziswayo kwiprototyping kwaye ivelisa iinxalenye zenyani kumashishini asebenza kwezonyango nakwezonyango. Icandelo elenziwe kwi-CNC le-CNC libandakanya iibheringi, i-washer, kunye neetyhubhu.
Acrylic
I-Acrylic okanye i-PMMA I-polymer yeplastiki kukugcwala nokukrazula ukunganyangeki, ngenxa yoko izicelo zayo kumashishini afuna iipropathi ezinjalo. Ngaphandle koko, ineempawu ezintle zoomatshini, ezibonakala kubunzima bayo kunye nokunganyangeki kwempembelelo. Ngomatshini wexabiso eliphantsi, umatshini we-Crylic CNC uye waba nenye indlela yeplastikhi efana ne-polycarbonate kunye neglasi.
Iimpembelelo
Ilula.
I-Acrylic ineekhemikhali kakhulu kunye ne-UV enganyangekiyo.
Inamandla amakhulu.
I-Acrylic inamanyano aphezulu.
Phawula
Asikuko ukuba ubushushu, ifuthe, kunye ne-abrasion.
Inokuqhekezwa phantsi komthwalo onzima.
Ayixhathisa izinto eziphilayo ze-chloric / i-arotic.
Izicelo
I-Acrylic isebenza ekutshintsheni izixhobo ezifana ne-polycarbonate kunye neglasi. Ngenxa yoko, kusebenza kumzi-mveliso weemoto ngokwenza imibhobho yokukhanya kunye nesalathisi sesalathisi ukukhanya kwaye kwamanye amashishini okwenza iipaneli zeSolar, i-cnopies eluhlaza, njl.
I-POM
I-POM okanye i-delrin (igama lorhwebo) yindawo ebonakalayo ye-CPR ye-CNC ekhethiweyo ye-CNC yomatshini we-CNC yamandla ayo aphezulu kunye nokuxhathisa kubushushu, iikhemikhali, kwaye zinxibe / iinyembezi. Kukho amabakala amaqela e-delrin, kodwa amashishini amaninzi axhomekeke kwi-Delrin 150 kunye ne-570 njengoko bezisola ngokwakho.
Iimpembelelo
Zezona zibalaseleyo kuzo zonke izinto zeplastiki ze-CNC.
Banokungavisisani kweekhemikhali.
Banozinzo oluphezulu.
Inamandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina, ukuqinisekisa ixesha elide lobomi.
Phawula
Inokumelana nokunganyangeki kwii-AIDD.
Izicelo
I-POM ifumana isicelo sayo kumashishini ahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, kwicandelo le-automotive, isetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto zebhanti yesihlalo. Imveliso yezixhobo zonyango isebenzisa ukuba ivelise iipensile ze-insulin, ngelixa icandelo labathengi lisebenzisa i-Pom ukuba lisebenzise i-cubipharate ye-elektroniki kunye neemitha zamanzi.
I-HDPE
Iplastiki ephezulu yePolithylene yi-thermoplastic ngokuxhathisa kakhulu kuxinzelelo kunye neekhemikhali ezinobuchule. Inika iipropathi ezigqwesileyo ezifana namandla amanye (4000psi) kunye nobunzima (i-R65) kune-aunterpart yayo, i-LDPE ithathe indawo yezicelo ezinawo kufuneka.
Iimpembelelo
Yiplastiki eguqukayo eguqukayo.
Inganyangeki kakhulu kuxinzelelo kunye neekhemikhali.
Inezixhobo ezigqwesileyo zoomatshini.
I-ABS inomoya ophezulu, okuthetha ukuba libe lithuba elide.
Phawula
Inokuphithisa i-UV enganyangekiyo.
Izicelo
I-HDPE ineentlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo, kubandakanya ukuthotyelwa, ukudala iigiya, iibherithi, ukupakisha, ukufudumeza kombane, kunye nezixhobo zonyango. Ilungele ukuthozama njengoko inokuba ngomatshini ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokulula, kwaye iindleko zayo ezisezantsi zenza ibe mnandi ukudala iintsana ezininzi. Ngaphandle koko, yinto entle yegiya ngenxa yokulingana kwayo kokuxinana nokunganyangeki okuphezulu, kunye neebheringi, kuba kukunganyangeki kunye nokunganyangeki.
Ldpe
I-ldpe yi-certing, i-polymer yeplastiki eguquguqukayo ngokuchasene nemichiza efanelekileyo kunye nobushushu obuphantsi. Isebenza ngokubanzi kwishishini lezonyango lokwenza ubuxoki kunye ne-orthotiks.
Iimpembelelo
Kunzima kwaye kuyaguquguquka.
Inganyangeki kakhulu.
Kulula ukutywina usebenzisa iindlela zobushushu ezinje nge-welding.
Phawula
Ayifanelekanga ukuba amalungu afuna ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu.
Inamandla okuqinileyo kunye namandla okwakha.
Izicelo
I-ldpe ihlala isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iigiya zesiko kunye nezinto zoomatshini, izinto zombane njengezixhobo nezindlu ze-elektroniki, kunye nembonakalo ye-elektroniki. Yintoni egqithisile. Ukulingana kwayo kwe-finctions, ukunyangwa kokufakelwa okuphezulu, kunye nokuqina kuyenza yinto efanelekileyo yokufumana izicelo eziphezulu zomsebenzi.
I-polycarbonate
I-PC liyinto eqinileyo kodwa i-polyple yeplastiki ekhanyayo kunye nobushushu obuyiyo kwaye bubuyiselwe ngombane. Njengo-Acrylic, inokuthatha indawo yeglasi ngenxa yokungafihli.
Iimpembelelo
Ingaphezulu kakhulu kunezobunjineli bobunjineli.
Kubonakala ngokwendalo kwaye kungadlulisa ukukhanya.
Kuthatha umbala kakuhle kakhulu.
Inamandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina.
I-PC ayichasanga i-acids, ioyile, kunye neegrisi.
Phawula
I-IT ivele emva kokuvezwa kwe-60 ° C.
Ithathwa kwi-Hydrocarbon i-hydrocarbon.
Iya kutyheli ngokuhamba kwexesha emva kokuvezwa kwexesha elide kwii-UV.
Izicelo
Ngokusekwe kwiipropathi zayo zokukhanya, i-polycarbonate inokuthatha indawo yeglasi. Yiyo loo nto isetyenziswa ekwenzeni amagxa okhuseleko kunye nee-CD / iiDVDs. Ngaphandle koko, kufanelekile ukwenza izixhobo zokuhlisha kunye nabaphulaphuli besekethe.
Iindlela zoomatshini ze-CNC zePlasikini
I-CNC ye-CNC ye-CPREP ingabandakanya ukusebenzisa umatshini olawulwa yikhompyuter ukususa inxenye ye-polymer yeplastiki yokwenza imveliso oyifunayo. Inkqubo yokuthengiswa kwemveliso inokwenza i-miyaads yenxalenye yokunyamezelana ngokuqinileyo, ukufana nokungachaneki kusetyenziswa iindlela ezilandelayo.
Ukujika kwe-cnc
Ukujika kwe-CNC yindlela yomatshini ebandakanya ukubamba i-Lathe kwi-lathe kwaye ijikeleze isixhobo esisikiweyo ngokutshiza okanye ukujika. Kukwakho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-CNC, kubandakanya:
Ngqo okanye i-cnclindrical cnc ilungele ukusika okukhulu.
Ukujika kwe-CAREN CNC kulungele ukudala iinxalenye ngemilo ye-cone-njengemilo.
Kukho izikhokelo ezininzi onokuzisebenzisa kwi-CACC SCNC, kubandakanya:
Qinisekisa ukuba imiphetho yokusika inesidlelo esingalunganga sokunciphisa inkunkuma.
Ukusika imiphetho kufuneka ibe ne-engile enkulu.
I-Polish indawo yokusebenza yendawo yokugcina igqitywe kwaye inciphise ukwakhiwa kwezixhobo.
Ukucutha ireyithi yokondla ukuphucula ukuchaneka kokusika kokugqibela (sebenzisa ireyithi yokondla kwi-0.015 i-i-i-i-i-i-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-I-IPRES ye-SPRES).
I-TOORY CLITE, icala, kunye ne-rake angles kwimiba yeplastiki.
I-CNC SIP
Ukugaya i-CNC kubandakanya ukusebenzisa isisikithi sokugaya ukuze sisuse izinto kumsebenzi wokufumana icandelo elifunekayo. Kukho oomatshini abahlukeneyo we-CNC owahlulwe baba yi-3-Axis Mills kunye nee-axis ezininzi ze-axis.
Kwelinye icala, umatshini wokulinganisa u-3-Axis Cnc unokuhamba kwii-axes ezintathu ze-axes (ngasekhohlo uye ekunene, emva nangaphezulu, phezulu naphantsi). Ngenxa yoko, kufanelekile ukudala iindawo ezilula. Kwelinye icala, ii-axili-axis ezininzi zinokuhamba ngaphezulu kweentsimbi ezintathu. Ngenxa yoko, ilungele amalungu e-CNC yomatshini we-CNC enee-jometri ezinzima.
Kukho izikhokelo ezininzi onokuthi uzisebenzise kwi-CAPCS Pulsing, kubandakanya:
Umatshini i-thermoplastic iqinile ngekhabhoni okanye iglasi ngesixhobo sekhabhoni.
Yongeza isantya se-spindle ngokusebenzisa i-clamps.
Ukunciphisa uxinzelelo loxinzelelo ngokwenza iikona zangaphakathi ezijikelezileyo.
Ukupholisa ngqo kwi-router ukusasaza ubushushu.
Khetha isantya esijikelezileyo.
Inxalenye yeplastiki ye-Deurur emva kokugaya ukuphucula ukugqiba umphezulu.
I-CNC Drill
Ukuqhuba iplastiki ye-CNC kubandakanya ukudala umngxunya kwindawo yokusebenza yeplastiki usebenzisa i-drill enyuka nge-drill bit. Ubungakanani be-bill ye-till kunye nobume bokumisela ubungakanani bemingxunya. Ngaphaya koko, iyonwabisa indima kwi-chip yokukhutshwa. Iindidi ze-Drill Presill Ungasebenzisa i-Bench, right, kunye ne-radial.
Kukho izikhokelo ezininzi onokuzisebenzisa kwi-CACCC ye-CACNC, kubandakanya:
Qinisekisa ukuba usebenzisa i-byp ye-bbs ye-crp yokuphepha ukubeka uxinzelelo kumsebenzi weplastiki.
Sebenzisa i-rill elungileyo. Umzekelo, i-90 ukuya kwi-118 ° yenza kancinci nge-9 ukuya kwi-15 ° lep ilungele uninzi lwe-thermoplastic (ye-ACrylic, sebenzisa i-0 ° rake).
Qinisekisa ukuba i-chip elula ngokukhetha i-rill elungileyo.
Sebenzisa inkqubo yokupholisa ukunciphisa iveliswe ngakumbi ngexesha lenkqubo yomatshini.
Ukususa i-CNC Drill ngaphandle komonakalo, qinisekisa ubunzulu bokuqhuba ungaphantsi kwamaxesha amathathu okanye amane. Ububanzi be-Drill. Kwakhona, nciphisa ireyithi yokondla xa i-drill iphantse yaphumeza lo mxholo.
Ezinye iindlela zomatshini weplastiki
Ngaphandle kwi-CNC yeplastiki ye-CNC, ezinye iinkqubo zokuqhubela phambili zinokusebenza njengeendlela ezizezinye. Abantu abaqhelekileyo babandakanya:
Inaliti yokubumba
Le yinkqubo yemveliso edumileyo yokusebenza kunye neendlela zomsebenzi zeplastiki. Inaliti yokubandakanya kubandakanya ukubumba kwi-aluminium okanye intsimbi kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezifana nobomi obungaqhelekanga. Emva koko, iplastiki enyibilikisiwe igcinwe kwi-mobnity cavity, ipholile, kwaye iyenza ubume obufunayo.
Inja yenaliti yeplastiki ilungele zombini ezi prototy kunye nemveliso yezinto zokwenyani. Ngaphandle kwaloo nto, yindlela esebenzayo-esebenzayo efanelekileyo kumalungu anoyilo olunzima nolula. Ngaphaya koko, iinxalenye ezibunjiweyo zifuna umsebenzi ongezelelweyo okanye unyango lomphezulu.
I-3D Printa
I-3D Printa yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yendlela eqhelekileyo esetyenzisiweyo kumashishini amancinci. Inkqubo yoosongelayo sisixhobo seMPROCTINCONICS equka ubuchwephesha obufana ne-stereoogitey (SLA), i-SLA), i-FRDM), kunye nokukhetha i-serser (i-SLS) esetyenziselwa ukusebenzela i-NYLOn, i-PLA, i-ABM, kunye ne-ULtem.
Itekhnoloji nganye ibandakanya ukudala iimodeli ze-3d zedijithali kunye nokwakha amalungu afunekayo angqinayo. Oku kufana nomatshini we-CNC yeplastiki, nangona ingenisa inkcitho yempahla encinci, ngokungafaniyo nelokugqibela. Ngapha koko, isusa imfuneko yokufumana isixhobo kwaye ilungele ngakumbi ukwenza iinxalenye zoyilo oluntsonkothileyo.
Ukuphosa i-vacuum
Ukuphoswa kwe-vacuum okanye i-polyturethane / irethane ingabandakanya ukubumba isilicon kwaye iphinde iphinde yenze ikopi yephephe le. Inkqubo yokuqhubela phambili i-PROCTCY ilungele ukwenza iplastiki ngomgangatho ophezulu. Ngaphaya koko, iikopi ziyasebenza ekuboneni izimvo okanye ukulungisa ingxaki yokuthintela iingxaki.
Izicelo zeMizi-mveliso yeCCC yePlasitiki
Ukuqina kweplastiki ye-CNC kusebenza ngokubanzi ngenxa yezibonelelo ezifana nokuchaneka, ngokuchanekileyo nangokunyamezelana ngokuqinileyo. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo zemizi-mveliso yenkqubo ibandakanya:
Ishishini Lonyango
Umatshini we-CNC we-CPRCY ngoku usebenza kwimveliso yoomatshini owenziwe ngonyango olunjengamalungu eentlungu kunye neentliziyo zokufakwa. Inqanaba layo eliphezulu lokuchaneka kunye nokuphindiso livumela ukuba ifezekise imigangatho yokhuseleko efunwa lishishini. Ngaphaya koko, kukho i-miyreas yokhetho lwezinto ezibonakalayo, kwaye ivelisa iimilo ezintsonkothileyo.
Izinto zemoto
Bobabini abaqulunqi bemoto kunye neenjineli zisebenzisa i-CNC ye-CNC yeplastiki ukwenza izinto zexesha lokwenyani kunye neeprototypes. Iplastiki isebenza ngokubanzi kumzi-mveliso ekwenzeni iindawo zeplastiki ze-CNC ezifana ne-DASHDS ezi-DASHBOS ezinokukhanya, ezinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweoyile. Ngaphaya koko, iplastiki ayinyangeki kukungalungisi kwaye inxibe, ezona zinto zinezinto ezizenzekelayo. Ngaphandle kwalonto, iplastiki imbumbulula kwimilo entsonkothileyo.
Iinxalenye ze-Aerospace
Ukuveliswa kwenqanaba le-Aerospace kufuna indlela yokwenza ukuba ichabuzeni entloko kunye nokuqina okuqinisekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, i-shishini i-prots yomatshini we-CNC ekufumaneni, ukuvavanywa, kunye nokwakha iindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-aerospace ezixinelelo. Izinto zeplastiki ziyasebenza ngenxa yokufaneleka kwabo imilo enzima, amandla, ukukhanya kunye neekhemikhali eziphezulu, kunye nokuxhathisa ubushushu.
Imveliso ye-elektroniki
Imveliso ye-elektroniki ikwathanda uMatshini we-CNC we-CNC ngenxa yokuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nokuphindaphinda. Okwangoku, le nkqubo isetyenziselwa ukwenza i-CCC-Madlic Act Act Act Act Act efana ne-Wire evaliweyo, iikhiloti zeZixhobo, kunye nezikrini ze-LCD.
Xa ukhetha umatshini weplastiki
Ukukhetha kwiinkqubo zeplastiki ezininzi ezixoxwe ngazo apha ngasentla kunokuba lucelomngeni. Ngenxa yoko, ngezantsi kuyinto embalwa enokukunceda uthathe isigqibo sokuba umatshini we-CNC wePlasikisi yinkqubo engcono yeprojekthi yakho:
Ukuba uyilo lweProtocaphu ngeplastiki kunye nokunyamezelana ngokuqinileyo
Umatshini we-CNC ye-CNC yeyona ndlela ingcono yokwenza iinxalenye ezinemicuko efuna ukuqina okuqinileyo. Umatshini wokulinganisa oqhelekileyo we-CNC unokufumana ukunyamezelana ngokuqinileyo malunga ne-4 μm.
Ukuba i-prototype yeplastiki ifuna ukugqiba komgangatho
Umatshini we-CNC ubonelela ngomgangatho ophezulu wokuphelisa owenza ifanelekile ukuba iprojekthi yakho ayifuni inkqubo eyongezelelweyo yokugqiba. Oku akufani nokuprintwa kwe-3D, ezishiya amanqaku aphambili ngexesha lokuprinta.
Ukuba iprototype yeplastiki ifuna izixhobo ezizodwa
Umatshini we-CNC ye-CNC unokusetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iinxalenye ezivela kuluhlu olubanzi lwezinto zeplastiki, kubandakanya nezo zinepropathi ekhethekileyo efana nokuchasana nobushushu obuphezulu, amandla aphezulu, okanye ukumelana okuphezulu, okanye ukungavisisani kweekhemikhali. Oku kwenza ukhetho olufanelekileyo lokudala iiprototypes ngeemfuno ezizodwa.
Ukuba iimveliso zakho zikwinqanaba lokuvavanya
Umatshini we-CNC uxhomekeke kwiimodeli ze-3D, ekulula ukuyitshintsha. Ukusukela kwinqanaba lokuvavanya lufuna utshintsho oluqhubekayo, umatshini we-CNC uvumela abaqulunqi kunye nabavelisi ukuba benze iiprototypes zeplasitiki zokuvavanya kunye nokuyilwa koyilo lweempazamo.
Ukufuna ukhetho lwezoqoqosho
Njengezinye iindlela zemveliso, umatshini we-CNC yeplastiki ilungele ukwenza iinxalenye ngendleko. Iiplasitiki zixabisa kakhulu kunezinyibilikisi kunye nezinye izinto, ezinjengeekompompo. Ngapha koko, ulawulo lwamanani oluchanileyo luchaneke ngakumbi, kwaye inkqubo ilungele uyilo oluntsonkothileyo.
Ukuqukumbela
Umatshini we-CCC we-CPCE yinkqubo eyamkelekileyo yenkqubo yemveliso ngenxa yokuchaneka kwayo, isantya, kunye nokufaneleka ukwenza iinxalenye zonyamezelo. Eli nqaku lithetha malunga nezinto ezahlukeneyo ze-CNC zihambelana nenkqubo, iindlela ezikhoyo, kunye nezinye izinto ezinokunceda iprojekthi yakho.
Ukukhetha ubuchule bokwenza umatshini kunokuba lucelomngeni kakhulu, kunyanzelisa ukuba uphume ngaphandle kwanikezelwa ngumnikezeli we-CCC ye-CNC. EGuansheng Sinikezela ngeenkonzo zeCNC ye-CNC ye-CNC ye-CNC kwaye inokukunceda wenze iindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-prototyping okanye ukusetyenziswa kwexesha lokwenyani ngokusekwe kwiimfuno zakho.
Sinezixhobo zeplasitiki esifanelekileyo kuphuhliso lwe-CNC ngenkqubo yokukhetha. Ngaphaya koko, iqela lethu lezobunjineli linokubonelela ngengcebiso yonyulo lwezinto ezibonakalayo kunye nengcebiso yoyilo. Ngenisa uyilo lwakho namhlanje kwaye ufumane iikowuts zekhawulela kwaye ufumane uhlalutyo lwe-DFM ngexabiso lokhuphiswano.
IXESHA LOKUQALA: UNV-13-2023